No Tech Magazine

The Wonders of Industry (1873-1877)

"Les merveilles de l'industrie, ou description des principales industries modernes", Louis Figuier (1873-1877). The 4-volume book is in French, but the engravings are indeed wonderful: Part 1 (750 pages), Part 2 (736 pages), Part 3 (687 pages) & Part 4 (744 pages). A sample of the illustrations of part one and four can be found here and here. Below: salt mines in Wieliska, Poland (extra large illustration). Related: Three thousand pages of 19th century technology.

Grinding the Wind: the Treadwheel Fan

I wrote about prison treadmills before. They were invented in England in 1817 by Sir William Cubit, who observed prisoners lying around in idleness and put himself to the task of "reforming offenders by teaching them habits of industry".

Forty-four prisons in England adopted it as a form of hard labour that could also grind grain or pump water.

However, as it turns out, in at least one jail prisoners were only "grinding the wind": they were walking a treadwheel that was connected to a giant fan built on the courtyard. By this apparatus the resistance necessary for rendering the tread-wheel hard labour was obtained.

The system is explained in "The criminal prisons of London and scenes of Prison Life" (1862), written by Henry Mayhew & John Binny. Starting on page 299, they describe the method of "hard labour", and the technologies used for it: the treadwheel, crank labour & the shot drill. Great reading.

Harnessing the Sun: the History of Solar Energy

The Archdruid Report discusses some early applications of solar energy by Augustin Mouchot (late 1800s) and Frank Schuman (early 1900s). An overview of historical experiments and applications of solar energy can be found here and here.

Three Thousand Pages of 19th Century Technology

The "Dictionary of arts, manufactures, and mines containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice" by Andrew Ure (and many others) is a 3,000 page illustrated encyclopedia packed with useful technical and statistical information relating to industrial development in the nineteenth century.

The paper version can be yours for a mere € 1,248 (or $ 1,760, including a discount), but the Internet Archive has made the entire seventh edition (published in 1875) available for free: Volume 1 (A-C), Volume 2 (D-I), Volume 3 (J-Z). Some volumes of earlier editions can be found at Google Books.

Illustration on the left: the manufacturing of money (see "Mint").

Related: The wonders of industry (1873-1877).

Floating Citadels, Powered by Wind and Water Mills

This engraving, published in 1798, shows the gigantic St. Malo raft, designed in 1791 during the French Revolution. The engraving informs us that this extraordinary structure was 600 feet long by 300 broad, mounts 500 pieces of cannon, 36 and 48-pounders, and is to convey 15,000 troops for the invasion of England. In the midst is a bomb-proof, metal-sheathed citadel.

The Panorama of Professions and Trades (1837)

What do you want to be when you grow up? In the 19th century, this question was easier to answer than it is today. There were 87 possibilities, according to Edward Hazen, author of "The Panorama of Professions and Trades" (1837). The book was also published as "Popular Technology; Professions and Trades" in 1870, Part 1 and Part 2 - these are better scans. Every profession is explained and illustrated. Find the table of contents below. Via Doug Berch, musician and dulcimer maker.

Optical telegraph in the Netherlands

The communications device was located on the beach of Scheveningen in the 1700s. More on the optical telegraph: Email in the 18th century. Source: geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland.

How Far Back?

On the appeal of steampunk:

"Compared with an earlier and more thoroughly handcrafted era, a return to the late 1800s or early 1900s does not mean having to give up all the most basic modern conveniences. Most of these, including indoor plumbing, electric lighting and even air conditioning, had been invented and put into use by this time—in the main by the privileged, but then it is their lives (and not those of common men and women) that are the stuff of historical fantasy. Travel no longer meant riding in cramped stagecoaches over dirt roads or wind-and wave-tossed sailing vessels, but in luxurious automobiles and handsomely appointed cabins aboard trains and steamships."

Via Clockworker.

Polynesian Stick Charts

"The Polynesians, scattered as they were over 1,000 islands across the central and southern Pacific Ocean, were master navigators who tracked their way over huge expanses of ocean without any of the complex mechanical aids we associate with sea fairing. They didn’t have the astrolabe or the sextant, the compass or the chronometer. They did however have aids of a sort, which though seemingly humble, were in fact the repositories of an extremely complex kind of knowledge. Called Rebbelibs, Medos. and Mattangs, today we call them simply Stick Charts." Via Tecob. Related: Satellite navigation in the 18th century.

Airships Past and Present, by A.Hildebrandt (1908)

"Airships past and present - together with chapters on the use of balloons in connection with meteorology, photography and the carrier pigeon" by A. Hildebrandt, captain and instructor in the Prussian Balloon Corps (1908). Pictures, table of contents and list of illustrations below. Related: Camping in the clouds - the zeppelin that never lands / Green slow air cargo / Kite aerial photography.

Prison Treadmills

The prison treadmill was invented in England in 1817 by Sir William Cubit, who observed prisoners lying around in idleness and put himself to the task of "reforming offenders by teaching them habits of industry." Forty-four prisons in England adopted it as a form of hard labour that could also grind grain (although some treadwheels were only "grinding the wind").

The punitive treadmill was then implemented in America for two long years, between 1822 and 1824, at Bellevue penitentiary outside New York. Prisoners stepped on the mill for 10 hours a day (with 20 minute breaks per hour), grinding grain, often with a large audience of jeering onlookers housed in a specially built viewing house. Read here and here. Picture credit. See more images.

Man versus nature

"The object of the present volume is: to indicate the character and, approximately, the extent of the changes produced by human action in the physical conditions of the globe we inhabit; to point out the dangers of imprudence and the necessity of caution in all operations which, on a large scale, interfere with the spontaneous arrangements of the organic or the inorganic world; to suggest the possibility and the importance of the restoration of disturbed harmonies and the material improvement of waste and exhausted regions; and, incidentally, to illustrate the doctrine, that man is, in both kind and degree, a power of a higher order than any of the other forms of animated life, which, like him, are nourished at the table of bounteous nature."

Quoted from: Man and nature - physical geography as modified by human action (1864). Full text online.
Found at: The evolution of the conservation movement, 1850-1920.

Hybrid windmill

Corn-grinding windmill, equipped with an auxiliary steam engine (Rotterdam, the Netherlands, circa 1900). Source: "Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland".

Carville & Carzonia

In the 1850s and 60s transit companies used horses to pull railcars on San Francisco streets. When the beasts gave way to progress in the form of cable cars and electric streetcars, the companies sought to dump the obsolete rolling stock. The Market Street Railway Company even placed a newspaper advertisement offering horse cars for $20 (without seats only $10). The result: Carville & Carzonia.

Lost London

Picture gallery. Via Things Magazine.